Crying Over Food:

an extraordinary response to a multisensory eating experience.

Five hundred people. A rice pudding dish. Three experimental conditions. This is the full story of a study that proved one uncomfortable thing: taste is not a property of food. It is a property of the state of the body that receives it. And the objectivity of taste, even on something simple, does not exist.

Crying Over Food:

an extraordinary response to a multisensory eating experience.

Five hundred people. A rice pudding dish. Three experimental conditions. This is the full story of a study that proved one uncomfortable thing: taste is not a property of food. It is a property of the state of the body that receives it. And the objectivity of taste, even on something simple, does not exist.

Researcher Federico Rottigni
Sensorium, Milan
Data Analysis. Beatrice Guidotti
Data Scientist
Review Prof. Charles Spence
University of Oxford
Period Feb - Jul 2024
500 participants

Study designed by Federico Rottigni and analyzed with Beatrice Guidotti (Data Scientist).
Scientific review: Prof. Charles Spence.

Researcher Federico Rottigni
Sensorium, Milan
Data Analysis. Beatrice Guidotti
Data Scientist
Review Prof. Charles Spence
University of Oxford
Period Feb - Jul 2024
500 participants

Study designed by Federico Rottigni and analyzed with Beatrice Guidotti (Data Scientist). Scientific review: Prof. Charles Spence.

0
CRIED OR HELD BACK TEARS IN THE PRESENCE OF LOW FREQUENCIES
0
EMOTIONAL RESPONSE BY EATING THE DISH WITHOUT ANY SOUND EXPERIENCE
0
EXTRA AVERAGE POINTS ON THE PLATE GRADE FROM THOSE WHO CRIED

01 – THE CONTEXT

How a study on who cries while eating comes about

I started observing this a few years ago during services. During the seventh course, Serendipity, someone would stop and suddenly start crying. Not because of the food itself, but because of something that was happening in the whole. Maybe in the sound, in the rhythm. We didn’t really know what. Serendipity is the name of the act in which a dessert, a “simple” rice pudding, is sampled in a very cozy and intimate light environment, and accompanied by an immersive soundtrack that includes evocative sounds such as those of a school bell and an elderly woman’s voice, and that exploits repetitiveness and low frequencies.

In 2024, in collaboration with Professor Charles Spence of the Crossmodal Research Laboratory at the University of Oxford, we published the first part (see here) of this research in theInternational Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science: a qualitative analysis of factors that may contribute to triggering an intense emotional response during a multisensory dining experience.

The second part, the part with the data, the part that this page publishes for the first time, has remained unpublished. The results exist. We measured them and now we want to make them accessible.

“They were not crying over the rice pudding. They were crying over something that the rice pudding had opened.”

02 – THE METHOD

Three groups, one variable at a time

Before it became a study, this was years of silent observation. During services, someone would stop, lower their head, and begin to cry. Not always, not all of them, but with a frequency that could not be random. We watched this phenomenon repeat itself for years, without understanding it, before we decided to measure it.

The starting question was simple: what is doing the work? Is it the food, a rice and milk, a childhood dish? Is it the sound, the composition, the voices, the rhythmic structure? Is it the low frequencies that are heard in the body before you even hear them in your ears? Or is it everything together, and removing even one element breaks the spell?

In response, we constructed three experimental conditions that progressively isolated the variables. Same room, same food, same service: only the sound changed.

The study took place between February 28 and July 18, 2024 inside our “non-restaurant” Sensorium in Milan. All participants experienced the Ayahuasca menu and received a questionnaire at the end of the evening. None of them knew they were participating in a study. Knowing this beforehand would have skewed the results.

Structure of Experimental Groups
Group A - High frequencies + multisensory experience ~188 people
Group B - Low frequencies + multisensory experience ~171 people
Group C - Just the food, no soundscape ~140 people

The questionnaire asked for: nationality, age, gender, whether they had cried, whether they had held back tears, what emotion they felt (happiness, sadness, nostalgia), and a grade from 0 to 100 for the Serendipity dish.

The distinction between high and low frequencies relates to the calibration of Sensorium’s sound system: four ceiling speakers, two subwoofers, custom EQ and Multi-Band Compressor made to the architecture of the room. In Group B, the equalizer significantly amplified the 20-100 Hz band (+8.8 dB at 28.4 Hz). In Group A, a high-pass filter at 50 Hz cut that component. Acoustic measurements were conducted with a mid-side technique using two AKG 414 TL2 microphones, in collaboration with Luca Stignani, Co-Founder of Banana Studios SRL in Milan, Italy.

03 – THE THESIS

Sound does not release an emotion; it builds it.

The most immediate reading of a study like this is, “music amplifies emotions.” This is true, but it is superficial. What the data show is something more radical.

In Group C, same food, same room, same evening, no one had an emotional response. There was nothing to “unlock.” The sound did not remove a barrier in front of a pre-existing emotion. It created the conditions for that emotion to exist.

That changes everything. We are not talking about an amplification effect. We are talking about the construction of emotional experience through physical stimuli. The low frequencies and hypnotic musical structure do not accompany the food, but transform it into something categorically different.

“Taste is not a property of food, but it is a property of the state of the body that receives it.”

04 – THE VIBRATORY SPECTRUM

The sound that is not “heard,” but inhabited

Participants in Group B reported 24.6% more emotional response than Group A. The difference was statistically significant (p = 1.54 × 10-⁵). Same music, same room, same food: only the sub-grave component changed.

Emotional response by group - % who cried or held back tears
Group B
65.0%
Group A
40.4%
Group C
0%

p-value = 1.54 × 10-⁵ - Z-test - Mann-Whitney U test

Frequencies below 100 Hz are not only perceived through hearing. They are heard through the body: bone conduction, visceral resonance, proprioceptive activation. It is sound that is experienced and not heard.

The acoustic measurements revealed something unexpected: the spectral response recorded in the two groups was almost identical, yet the subjective experiences were radically different. This discrepancy is not a measurement error, but in fact a result.

We have some hypotheses about what produces it:

Hypothesis 1 - Placement of the microphone.

In a small room with a subwoofer, low frequencies create very different pressure zones depending on the location. The microphone may be at a node, that is, a point where the waves cancel out, while the diners occupy positions with a completely different pressure profile.

Hypothesis 2 - Somatosensory Threshold vs. Auditory Threshold.

The +8.8 dB boost at 28.4 Hz operates below the conventional audible threshold but above the somatosensory threshold. The body perceives what the microphone does not register as relevant.

Hypothesis 3 - Bone conduction and visceral resonance.

Subgravity frequencies are transmitted through bony structures and internal organs. This perceptual channel is completely invisible to traditional spectral analysis.

Hypothesis 4 - Time effects

Low frequencies build their effect over time. An instantaneous measurement does not capture the resonance buildup that occurs during the four-minute Serendipity course.

Hypothesis 5 - Environmental resonances of the room.

The acoustic characteristics of Sensorium, such as materials, volumes, geometry, create standing waves that selectively amplify certain frequencies at certain points. The experience is, in this sense, irreproducible elsewhere.

05 – TASTE PERCEPTION

Low frequencies change how food is perceived

Not only the emotional response: the rating given to the dish also varied significantly among the three groups. Group B gave rice and milk an average score of 87.8/100. Group A: 84. Group C: 78.4. All differences were statistically significant.

Average rating for Serendipity dish by group
Group B - low frequencies 87.8 / 100
Group A - high frequencies 84.0 / 100
Group C - food only 78.4 / 100

The most revealing data concerns the“Special” category (votes 91-100): 51.8 percent of Group B rated the dish as special, compared with 31.8 percent of Group A and 23.2 percent of Group C. Between A and B there is a disproportionate jump, not a linear progression. Low frequencies do not enhance the experience: they change it in category.

Those who cried, in both groups, rated the dish on average 6.3 points higher than those who did not have an emotional response. And this relationship holds true regardless of the emotion experienced: whether it was sadness, happiness or nostalgia, those who were moved deeply gave higher scores.

“Crying is not a signal of the emotion experienced, but a signal of its depth. Regardless of what was experienced, being touched in depth resulted in a higher grade.”

06 – THE EMOTIONAL SPECTRUM

The more intense the emotion, the better the food

Participants were asked to indicate which emotion they had perceived: happiness, nostalgia or sadness. The data show a definite and consistent pattern: the “higher” the emotion in terms of positive valence, the higher the rating at the plate. But the causal direction is not what one would expect.

Average rating by perceived emotion - Groups A+B combined
Happiness 88.4 / 100
Nostalgia 86.0 / 100
Sadness 80.4 / 100

This pattern holds true in all three groups separately; it is not an effect of sound. It is an internal law of experience: the emotional state you are in while eating determines how you perceive food, not the other way around.

Another significant pattern concerns the consistency of ratings: those who had an intense emotional response voted more evenly, lower standard deviation. Emotion not only raises the rating, it stabilizes it. Emotional people converge toward a shared perception. Sound synchronizes the experience.

07 – THE PROFILE OF THE PARTICIPANTS

Gender, age, nationality: nothing changes

The sample was 53.3% male and 46.7% female. Among those who had an emotional response, the distribution was almost identical: 49.3% male, 50.7% female. The age distribution among those who cried proportionally mirrors the distribution of the total sample.

In Groups A and B, where the sample was mixed, 53.2% of Italians had an emotional response, compared with 50% of foreigners. A negligible difference.

This is not a neutral result; in our opinion it is a positive result. The mechanism is universal. It acts on the human body as such, not on a specific type of person. It does not depend on culture, it does not depend on gender, it does not depend on age. Low frequencies and hypnotic structure cross all demographic variables undisturbed.

08 – THE MUSIC.

The composition that never solves

The soundscape of Serendipity is built around an original composition in E♭ major, on a cycle of five bars, not four. This asymmetry is intentional: it prevents the brain from finding a stable rhythmic resolution, creating a sense of perpetual waiting that never ends.

The mechanism of hypnotic repetition has an established scientific literature. Margulis (2013) showed that repetition reduces active cognitive processing: the brain stops analyzing and switches to a more receptive state. In that state, emotional content finds less resistance. Shamanic traditions have used exactly this mechanism for millennia; asymmetrical cycle drums, repetition without resolution, to induce altered states of perception and lower the defenses of ordinary consciousness.

Over this structure moves a G min7 add6 arpeggio that introduces harmonic tension without ever resolving it. The voice of an elementary school teacher in Italian, the ringing of a school bell, then later the voice of an elderly woman reminiscing in English. All constructed to evoke without explaining, to open without concluding.

The most interesting speculation we can make, looking at the data together with the musical structure, is this: the combination of hypnotic repetition and sub-gravity frequencies does not amplify a pre-existing emotion. It creates a state of increased sensory permeability, that is, a time when the body is more open, more porous, less defended. In that state, a rice and milk can become something much older.

Acoustic Surveys

Measurements were conducted with mid-side technique (AKG 414 TL2 microphones) in collaboration with Luca Stignani, Co-Founder of Banana Studios SRL, Milan, Italy. The results of the measurements and their interpretation are documented in the technical analysis attached to the study.

09 – WHAT DOES IT MEAN

They don’t cry for food

The results of this study indicate that the intense emotional response cannot be attributed to the food itself. Group C demonstrates this unambiguously: the same rice pudding, served without the soundscape, produced no emotional response. The dish is identical, but the experience is not.

What this study documents is more radical than “music enhances food.” What it shows is that taste is not an objective property of food. It is a property of the state the person eating it is in. Food does not carry a value in itself, but it receives the value that the body is able to ascribe to it at that moment. And that moment is manipulable. With sound, with rhythm, with frequencies, with the structure of experience around the plate. In other words: you don’t eat the food, but you eat yourself through the food.
The expectations you bring to the table, the emotional state you are in, the sensory context around you; all of this is not the outline of the dining experience, but is itself the dining experience. Taste is the last link in a chain that begins long before the mouth.

This shifts the problem. It is not about making better food, but it is about creating the conditions for those who eat to be able to receive it. The difference between a meal and a ritual is just that: the ritual prepares the body. The meal does not.

Published paper - First part of the study

Rottigni, F. & Spence, C. (2024). Crying over food: An extraordinary response to a multisensory eating experience. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 36,100943.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2024.100943

The data and results published here are the property of Federico Rottigni.
All rights reserved.